One of the earliest available estimates of direct cost was provided by the Queensland Competition Authority in 2000 as part of its review of the first Queensland Rail access undertaking. This working paper is from the QCA web site: https://www.qca.org.au/project/aurizon-network/previous-access-undertakings/2001-access-undertaking-ut1/ It is working paper 2 from the archive “2001 Draft Undertaking Vol 4 Working Papers”.